About Olivier Mehani

Just another random geek.

I recently had to restore databases from a rough mysqldump backup in a piecemeal fashion. One necessity is to SET the environment correctly, lest some weird encoding issues happen when restoring the data, leading to failures.

A sed one-liner can help for this.

DBNAME=mydb
sed -n "/^-- Server version/,/^-- Current Database/p;/^-- Current Database.*${DBNAME}\`/,/^-- Current Database/{p}" mysqldump.sql > ${DBNAME}.sql

This extracts SQL from the initial header, to the first database, which contains all the sessions SETs. It then captures statements any time the target database is the current one. Note that this doesn’t restore the GRANTs.

Befor blindly piping the output SQL into mysql, one would be well advised to review the contents of the file, to ensure only the desired modifications are included.

A Watchy Armadillonium with a Leatherman Tread LT watchband.

A few years back, I got a Pebble Steel. Some years later, I also got myself a Leatherman Tread LT. The two obviously needed to be put together, using the Tread as the watchband for the Pebble. Unfortunately, the Pebble had a weird band attachment, which led me to try to mush two Thingiverse designs (a Pebble NATO attachment and a Tread watch attachment) into something that almost worked. Ultimately the plastic proved too brittle, and I got distracted by other things.

Fast forward a few years, and my Pebble, quite sadly, is a bit unhealthy. As a replacement, I received a Watchy with an Armadillonium case. So the question reemerged. This time, I pushed back the not-invented-here syndrome, and looked around for existing solutions. I discovered ChronoLinks, which looked perfect, but I wasn’t sure whether they would fit my case. At the price tag, I didn’t want to risk it.

Ultimately, I resorted to searching on eBay, then AliBaba, and found something that looked like it would do the job, at a price that wouldn’t make me too sad if it didn’t.

tl;dr: It did! (mostly)

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We’ve been having some fun with Click and Python decorators at work.

We had a situation where we wanted to

  1. transform any Exception to a click.ClickException, so they would be rendered nicely, and
  2. catch one particular exception, and retry the function that raised it with a different parameter value as a fallback.

We got the first behaviour quickly into a decorator. We then realised that the second could also be done nicely with a decorator, too.

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GitHub now allows to expand/collapse all files in a PR diff at once (pressing Alt while clicking one of the toggles). Unfortunately, there is no similar feature to mark all files as viewed. This is handy after having reviewed meaningful changes to file, and automatically modified/generated files can be ignored.

So here goes a one-liner for the JS console.

Array.from(document.getElementsByClassName('js-reviewed-toggle')).forEach(c => c.getElementsByTagName('input')[0].checked || c.click())
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Target metrics

I wrote this article for the Learnosity blog, where it originally appeared. I repost it here, with permission, for archival. With thanks, again, to Micheál Heffernan for countless editing passes.

In this series, I look at how we load test our platform to ensure platform stability during periods of heavy user traffic. For Learnosity, that’s typically during the back-to-school period. The year was different though, as COVID caused a dramatic global pivot to online assessment in education. Here is what the result of that looked like in terms of traffic.

Weekly Learnosity users comparison 2012--2020

We expect major growth every year but that kind of hockey stick curve is not something you can easily predict. But, because scalability is one of the cornerstones of our product offering, we were well-equipped to handle it.

This article series reveals how we prepared for that.

In part one (which was, incidentally, pre-COVID), I detailed how we actually created the load by writing a script using Locust. In this post, I’ll go through the process of running the load test. I’ll also look at some system bottlenecks it helped us find.

Let’s kick things off by looking at some important things a good load-testing method should do. Namely, it should

  1. Apply a realistic load, starting from known-supported levels.
  2. Determine whether the behaviour under load matches the requirements.
    • If the behaviour is not as desired, you need to identify errors and fix them. These could be in
      • the load-test code (not realistic enough)
      • the load-test environment (unable to generate enough load)
      • the system parameters
      • the application code
    • If the behaviour is as desired, then ramp up the load exponentially.

We used two separate tools for steps 1 above (as described in the first part of this series) and tracked the outcomes of step 2 in a spreadsheet.

TL;DR

  • We used Locust to create the load, and a custom application to verify correct behaviour.
  • We found a number of configuration-level issues, mainly around limits on file descriptors and open connections.
  • Stuff we learned along the way:
    • Record all parameters and their values, change one at a time;
    • Be conscious of system limits, particularly on the allowed number of open files and sockets.
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Every now and then, some spurious peaks show up on munin graphs. The peaks are order of magnitude higher than the expected range of the data. This particularly happens with DERIVE plugins, that are notably used for network interfaces.

One way to fix this, as suggested by Steve Schnepp (and in the faq), is to set the maximum straight into the RRD database, and then let it reprocess the data to honour this maximum.

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When using syspatch on OpenBSD, the upgrade sometimes fails with

Relinking to create unique kernel... failed!
!!! "/usr/libexec/reorder_kernel" must be run manually to install the new kernel

This generally happens after a system upgrade, or an otherwise manual change of kernel. This fix is to update the kernel hash, before re-running reorder_kernel.

# sha256 /bsd > /var/db/kernel.SHA256
# /usr/libexec/reorder_kernel 

I wrote this article for the Learnosity blog, where it originally appeared. I repost it here, with permission, for archival. With thanks to Micheál Heffernan for countless editing passes.

The dramatic increase in Learnosity users during the back-to-school period each year challenges our engineering teams to find new approaches to ensuring rock-solid reliability at all times.

Stability is a core part of Learnosity’s offering. Prior to back-to-school (known as “BTS” internally) we load-test our system to handle a 5x to 10x increase on current usage. That might sound excessive, but it accounts for the surge of first-time users that new customers bring to the fold as well as the additional users that existing customers bring.

Since the BTS traffic spike occurs from mid-August to mid-October, we start preparing in March. We test our infrastructure and apps to find and remove any bottlenecks.

Last year, a larger client ramped up their testing. This created a 3x usage increase of our Events API. In the process, several of our monitoring thresholds were breached and the message delivery latency increased to an unacceptable level.

As a result, we poured resources into testing and ensuring our system was stable even under exceptional stress. To detail the process, I’ve broken the post into two parts:

  1. Creating the load with Locust (this piece)
  2. Running the load test (in part two, coming soon).

TL;DR

Here’s a snapshot of what I cover in this post:

  • Our target metrics.
  • How we wrote a Locust script to generate load for a Publish/Subscribe system.
  • Our observations that:
    • The load test must reflect real user behaviours and interactions
    • Load testing alone doesn’t validate system behaviour against target metrics. It’s better to measure this separately while the system is under load.
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